Two Logs For Connectivity

Fully dynamic connectivity on a general graph, not a forest: edges inserted and deleted, queries online. What is the standard bound?

A

O(m)O(\sqrt{m}) amortized per update and O(1)O(1) per query, from periodic rebuilds every m\sqrt{m} edges, since no polylogarithmic bound is known for the fully dynamic case.

B

O(log⁡2n)O(\log^2 n) amortized per update and O(log⁡n/log⁡log⁡n)O(\log n / \log \log n) per query, from the Holm, de Lichtenberg and Thorup structure built on Euler tour trees.

C

O(log⁡n)O(\log n) amortized per update and O(log⁡n)O(\log n) per query, from a link/cut tree maintained directly over any spanning forest of the input graph.

D

O(α(n))O(\alpha(n)) amortized per update and O(α(n))O(\alpha(n)) per query, from a disjoint set union with rollback and union by rank over the edge set.