Silly Window Syndrome

The network fragments packets into very small pieces; prevented by Path MTU Discovery

The sender transmits tiny segments because the application writes small chunks; prevented by Nagle's algorithm on the sender side

The receiver advertises small window updates after consuming only a few bytes, causing the sender to transmit many tiny segments; prevented by the receiver delaying window updates until sufficient space is available

The sender's congestion window shrinks to a very small value after repeated losses; prevented by setting a minimum cwnd