Storage & Data Modeling
Relational and non-relational stores, how indexes work, transaction guarantees, and choosing a store.
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SQL vs NoSQL & Data Models
Relational, key-value, document, wide-column, and graph models, and modeling from access patterns.
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Indexing: B-Tree, LSM & Inverted
B+ trees vs LSM trees, write amplification, compaction, covering and composite indexes, and inverted indexes.
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ACID, Isolation Levels & MVCC
Isolation levels and their anomalies, MVCC, snapshot isolation, write skew, locking, and the write-ahead log.
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OLTP, OLAP & Analytical Stores
Row vs columnar storage, warehouses and lakes, ETL vs ELT, and star schemas.
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Object Storage, Blobs & Media
S3-style object stores, presigned and multipart uploads, storage classes, lifecycle rules, and chunking large files.
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Schema Design & Migrations
Normal forms and denormalization, precomputed aggregates, soft deletes, online schema changes, and backfills.
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Time-Series, Graph & Geospatial Stores
Time-series rollups and retention, graph traversal, and spatial indexes.
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